The effect of frailty on the development of acute kidney injury in critically-ill geriatric patients with COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury is strongly associated with mortality in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); however, age-related risk factors for acute kidney injury are not clear yet. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the effects of clinical factors on acute kidney injury development in an elderly COVID-19 patients. METHODS: Critically ill patients (≥65years) with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit were included in the study. Primary outcome of the study was the rate of acute kidney injury, and secondary outcome was to define the effect of frailty and other risk factors on acute kidney injury development and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 132 patients (median age 76 years, 68.2% male) were assessed. Patients were divided into two groups as follows: acute kidney injury (n = 84) and nonacute kidney injury (n = 48). Frailty incidence (48.8% vs. 8.3%, p < 0.01) was higher in the acute kidney injury group. In multivariate analysis, frailty (OR, 3.32, 95% CI, 1.67-6.56), the use of vasopressors (OR, 3.06 95% CI, 1.16-8.08), and the increase in respiratory support therapy (OR, 2.60, 95% CI, 1.01-6.6) were determined to be independent risk factors for acute kidney injury development. The mortality rate was found to be 97.6% in patients with acute kidney injury. DISCUSSION: Frailty is a risk factor for acute kidney injury in geriatric patients with severe COVID-19. The evaluation of geriatric patients based on a frailty scale before intensive care unit admission may improve outcomes.

Incidence of and risk factors for postintubation hypotension in critically ill patients with COVID-19. / Incidência e fatores de risco para hipotensão pós-intubação em pacientes críticos com COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of risk factors for postintubation hypotension in critically ill patients with COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 141 patients with COVID-19 who were intubated in the intensive care unit. Postintubation hypotension was defined as the need for any vasopressor dose at any time within the 60 minutes following intubation. Patients with intubation-related cardiac arrest and hypotension before intubation were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Of the 141 included patients, 53 patients (37.5%) had postintubation hypotension, and 43.6% of the patients (n = 17) were female. The median age of the postintubation hypotension group was 75.0 (interquartile range: 67.0 - 84.0). In the multivariate analysis, shock index ≥ 0.90 (OR = 7.76; 95%CI 3.14 - 19.21; p < 0.001), albumin levels < 2.92g/dL (OR = 3.65; 95%CI 1.49 - 8.96; p = 0.005), and procalcitonin levels (OR = 1.07, 95%CI 1.01 - 1.15; p = 0.045) were independent risk factors for postintubation hypotension. Hospital mortality was similar in patients with postintubation hypotension and patients without postintubation hypotension (92.5% versus 85.2%; p = 0.29). CONCLUSION: The incidence of postintubation hypotension was 37.5% in critically ill COVID-19 patients. A shock index ≥ 0.90 and albumin levels < 2.92g/dL were independently associated with postintubation hypotension. Furthermore, a shock index ≥ 0.90 may be a practical tool to predict the increased risk of postintubation hypotension in bedside scenarios before endotracheal intubation. In this study, postintubation hypotension was not associated with increased hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a incidência de fatores de risco para hipotensão pósintubação em pacientes críticos com COVID-19. METÓDOS: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo com 141 pacientes com COVID-19 que foram intubados na unidade de terapia intensiva. Hipotensão pós-intubação foi definida como a necessidade de qualquer dose de vasopressor a qualquer momento em até 60 minutos após a intubação. Pacientes com parada cardiorrespiratória relacionada à intubação e hipotensão antes da intubação foram excluídos do estudo. RESULTADOS: Dos 141 pacientes incluídos, 53 pacientes (37,5%) e 43,6% dos pacientes (n = 17) eram do sexo feminino. A idade mediana do grupo com hipotensão pós-intubação foi de 75 anos (amplitude interquartil: 67,0 - 84,0). Na análise multivariada, índice de choque ≥ 0,90 (RC = 7,76; IC95% 3,14 - 19,21; p < 0,001), níveis de albumina < 2,92g/dL (RC = 3,65; IC95% 1,49 - 8,96; p = 0,005) e níveis de procalcitonina (RC = 1,07, IC95% 1,01 - 1,15; p = 0,045) foram fatores de risco independentes para hipotensão pós-intubação. A mortalidade hospitalar foi semelhante em pacientes com hipotensão pós-intubação e pacientes sem hipotensão pós-intubação (92,5% versus 85,2%; p = 0,29). CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de hipotensão pós-intubação foi de 37,5% em pacientes críticos com COVID-19. Um índice de choque ≥ 0,90 e níveis de albumina < 2,92g/ dL foram independentemente associados à hipotensão pós-intubação. Além disso, índice de choque ≥ 0,90 pode ser uma ferramenta do leito antes da intubação endotraqueal. Neste estudo, a hipotensão pós-intubação não esteve associada ao aumento da mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes com COVID-19.

COVID-19 Pneumonia After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination with CoronaVac: A Case Series from Turkey.

Coronavirus disease 2019 is a novel viral infection that has caused a pandemic globally. Many kinds of vaccine development studies were conducted to prevent the spread and deaths. The CoronaVac is the most commonly used vaccine in Turkey. Phase 3 trials from various countries revealed that CoronaVac efficacy ranged from 50.7% to 91.25% but increased in moderate or severe cases to 100%. Additionally, it was remarkable owing to high seroconversion rates achieving up to 100%. After the vaccine campaign began in Turkey, critically ill patients continued to admit to our center's intensive care unit though they had been vaccinated with 2 doses of CoronaVac. The clinical course of these patients revealed that they are still at high risk of severe disease and death. Therefore, we aimed to share these patients' clinical characteristics and disease course, laboratory, and radiologic data.

COVID-19 Olgularının Postmortem Biyopsi Örneklerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Amaç: Bu prospektif çalışmada Koronavirüs hastalığı-2019 (COVID-19) nedeniyle yaşamını yitiren 12 olgunun akciğer, karaciğer, kalp ve böbrek biyopsi bulgularının paylaşması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma, Sağlık Bakanlığı ve yerel etik komite (26.06.2020/520-SBKAEK) izni sonrasında yazılı onam alınan COVID-19 tanılı 12 olgu (≥18 yaş) dahil edilerek, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi desteği ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Olguların klinik ve laboratuvar verileri, patolojik incelemeler, immünohistokimyasal değerlendirmeler ve doku gerçek zamanlıpolimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (RT-PCR) test pozitifliği kaydedilmiştir. Örneklemeler, postmortem ilk 1 saat içerisinde tru-cut veya transtrakeal punch biyopsi şeklinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular: Olguların %50’si kadındı. Ortalama yaş 70 (49-88) yıldı. Olguların klinik ve laboratuvar verileri sırasıyla Tablo 1 ve 2’de özetlenmiştir. Bir kalp, dört akciğer biyopsisi patolojik inceleme için uygun bulunmadı. Tüm olguların akciğerinde alveolar epitel hücre hasarı saptandı. Fibrin birikimi, fibroblastik proliferasyon, diffüz alveolar hasar ve tip 2 pnömosit hiperplazisi diğer yaygın bulgulardı. Hyalin membran formasyonu yalnızca 7. hastada izlendi. Kardiyak incelemelerde 2. hastadaki lenfositik infiltrasyon dışında bulgu saptanmadı. Böbrek biyopsilerinde en sık izlenen bulgular, pigmente cast, non-izometrik vakuolar dejenerasyon ve kapiller tıkaç idi. Glomeruloskleroz ve hemosiderin birikimi 6 ve 11 numaralı olgularda izlendi. Rutin hemodiyaliz hastası olan 7. hastada kronik böbrek yetmezliğine uygun bulgular saptandı. Ayrıca, 8 numaralı hastada, interstisyel enflamasyon, hemoraji ve vaskülit saptandı. Karaciğer incelemelerinde, lobüler lenfositik infiltrasyon, sentrilobüler sinüzoidal dilatasyon en sık gözlenen bulgulardı. Hasta 8’de nekroz ve fibrozis diğer dikkat çekici bulguydu. Ímmünohistokimyasal incelemelerde, şiddetli akut solunum sendromu-koronavirüs-2 (SARS-CoV-2) nükleoprotein antikor pozitifliği 3 hastada izlendi. Bu hastalardan, hasta 5’te ve 6’da akciğerde RT-PCR testi pozitif saptandı. Hasta 7’de de akciğer RT-PCR testi pozitifti. Akciğerde ACE2 reseptör pozitifliği yalnızca hasta 5’te saptandı. Hastaların yarısından fazlasında böbrekte ACE2 reseptör pozitifliği izlendi. Hasta 5’te ve 12’de böbreklerde SARS-CoV-2 nükleoprotein antikoru saptandı. Hasta 5’in böbrek dokusunda RT-PCR test pozitifliği de izlendi. Sonuç: Bulgular, literatürde sepsis nedeniyle tedavi edilen olgulardaki biyopsi sonuçlarıyla benzer bulunmuş olup, daha kapsamlı tanımlamalar için yeni çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır. (Turkish) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Turkish Journal of Intensive Care is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

COVID-19 Hastalarında Spontan Pneumotoraks ve Spontan Pneumomediastinum Olgularının Araştırılması

Amaç: Yoğun bakım ünitesine (YBÜ) yatış gerektiren COVID-19 hastalarında gelişen spontan pnömotoraks (SPX) ve spontan pnömomediastinum (SPM) olgularını vurgulamak ve olası predispozan risk faktörlerini araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: 20 Mart-17Aralık 2020 tarihleri arasında YBÜ’ye kabul edilen COVID-19 hastalarının verileri hastane kayıtlarından retrospektif olarak tarandı. Çalışmaya tanısı laboratuvar olarak doğrulanmış ve SPX, SPM gelişen COVID-19 hastaları dahil edildi. Hastaların demografik verileri, radyolojik görüntülemeleri, laboratuvar incelemeleri, klinik yönetimleri, kültür sonuçları ve mortalite oranları araştırıldı Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen 305 hastanın 30’un da SPX ve SPM tespit edildi. Olguların medyan yaşı 70 (IQR, 62-78) olarak bulundu. Erkek hasta sayısı 20 (%66,7, medyan yaş, 66,7) ve kadın hasta sayısı 10 (%33,3) olarak tespit edildi. Hastalarda en çok görülen komorbiditeler ise sırasıyla hipertansiyon 16 (%53,3), diabetes mellitus 10 (%33,3) ve kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı 5’dir (%16). Olguların COVID-19 açısından BT değerlendirmeleri, tipik 25 (%83,3), atipik 3 (%10) ve belirsiz 1 (%3,3) olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Trakeal aspirat kültürlerinde ise, Acinetobacter baumannii 10 (%43,3), Klebsiella pneumoniae 5 (%16,7) ve Pseudomanas auroginosa 2 (%6,7) üremesi olmuştur. Hastaların 25’inde (%83,3) septik şok tespit edilmiştir. Vasopressör ihtiyacı 25 (%83,3) hastada gelişmiştir. Hastalardan 26’sının (%86,7) entübe edilip invaziv mekanik ventilasyonla takip edildiği, entübasyon öncesi 12’sine (%40) yüksek akımlı nasal kanülle ve 22’sine de (%20) non-invaziv mekanik ventilasyonla tedavi uygulandığı tespit edildi. Ortalama YBÜ yatış süresi 12±7 ve ortalama hastanede yatış süresi ise 16±12 gün olarak bulunmuştur. Takip edilen hastaların 28 günlük mortalitesi %86,7 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç: COVID-19 hastalarında yüksek barotravma oranları, invaziv ve non-invaziv mekanik SPX ve SPM için risk faktörüdür. Her iki klinik durum da mortalite için bir risk faktörüdür. Barotravma risk faktörlerinin iyi bilinmesi ve akciğer koruyucu ventilasyon paremetrelerinin geliştirilmesi bu klinik durumu yönetmeyi kolaylaştırabilir. SPX ve SPM, için klinisyenlerin farkındalığını artıracak, tahmin ettirici risk faktörlerini ve laboratuvar verilerini öngören daha ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır. (Turkish) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Turkish Journal of Intensive Care is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

The Predictive Values of Respiratory Rate Oxygenation Index and Chest Computed Tomography Severity Score for High-Flow Nasal Oxygen Failure in Critically Ill Patients with Coronavirus Disease-2019.

Background: The prediction of high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) failure in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) having acute respiratory failure (ARF) may prevent delayed intubation and decrease mortality. Aims: To define the related risk factors to HFNO failure and hospital mortality. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: To this study, 85 critically ill patients (≥18 years) with COVID-19 related acute kidney injury who were treated with HFNO were enrolled. Treatment success was defined as the de-escalation of the oxygenation support to the conventional oxygen therapies. HFNO therapy failure was determined as the need for invasive mechanical ventilation or death. The patients were divided into HFNO-failure (HFNO-F) and HFNO-success (HFNO-S) groups. Electronic medical records and laboratory data were screened for all patients. Respiratory rate oxygenation (ROX) index on the first hour and chest computed tomography (CT) severity score were calculated. Factors related to HFNO therapy failure and mortality were defined. Results: This study assessed 85 patients (median age 67 years, 69.4% male) who were divided into two groups as HFNO success (n = 33) and HFNO failure (n = 52). The respiratory rate oxygenation (ROX) was measured at 1 hour and the computed tomography (CT) score indicated HFNO failure and intubation, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic of 0.695 for the ROX index and 0.628 for the CT score. A ROX index of <3.81 and a CT score of >15 in the first hour of therapy were the predictors of HFNO failure and intubation. Age, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, arterial blood gas findings "(i.e., partial pressure of oxygen [PaO2], PaO2 [fraction of inspired oxygen]/SO2 [oxygen saturation] ratio)", and D-dimer levels were also associated with HFNO failure; however, based on logistic regression analysis, a calculated ROX on the first hour of therapy of <3.81 (odds ratio [OR] = 4.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.75-13.02, P = 0.001) and a chest CT score of >15 (OR = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.01-7.88, P = <0.001) were the only independent risk factors. In logistic regression analysis, a ROX calculated on the first hour of therapy of <3.81 (OR = 4.78, [95% CI = 1.75-13.02], P = 0.001) and a chest CT score of >15 (OR 2.83, 95% CI = 1.01-7.88, P = <0.001) were the independent risk factors for the HFNO failure. The intensive care unit and hospital mortality rates were 80.2% and 82.7%, respectively, in the HFNO failure group. Conclusion: The early prediction of HFNO therapy failure is essential considering the high mortality rate in patients with HFNO therapy failure. Using the ROX index and the chest CT severity score combined with the other clinical parameters may reduce mortality. Additionally, multi-centre observational studies are needed to define the predictive value of ROX and chest CT score not only for COVID-19 but also other causes of ARF.

Clinical characteristics and risk factors for 28-day mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study

Background: To date, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused more than 2.6 million deaths all around the world. Risk factors for mortality remain unclear. The primary aim was to determine the independent risk factors for 28-day mortality. Materials and methods: In this retrospective cohort study, critically ill patients (≥ 18 years) who were admitted to the intensive care unit due to COVID-19 were included. Patient characteristics, laboratory data, radiologic findings, treatments, and complications were analyzed in the study. Results: A total of 249 patients (median age 71, 69.1% male) were included in the study. 28-day mortality was 67.9% (n = 169). The median age of deceased patients was 75 (66­81). Of them, 68.6% were male. Cerebrovascular disease, dementia, chronic kidney disease, and malignancy were significantly higher in the deceased group. In the multivariate analysis, sepsis/septic shock (OR, 15.16, 95% CI, 3.96­58.11, p < 0.001), acute kidney injury (OR, 4.73, 95% CI, 1.55­14.46, p = 0.006), acute cardiac injury (OR, 9.76, 95% CI, 1.84­51.83, p = 0.007), and chest CT score higher than 15 (OR, 4.49, 95% CI, 1.51-13.38, p = 0.007) were independent risk factors for 28-day mortality. Conclusion: Early detection of the risk factors and the use of chest CT score might improve the outcomes in patients with COVID-19.

New-onset atrial fibrillation in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Background: Mortality in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is high, therefore, it is essential to evaluate the independent effect of new-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) on mortality in patients with COVID-19. We aimed to determine the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of NOAF in a cohort of critically ill patients with COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with a diagnosis of COVID-19. NOAF was defined as atrial fibrillation that was detected after diagnosis of COVID-19 without a prior history. The primary outcome of the study was the effect of NOAF on mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Results: NOAF incidence was 14.9% (n = 37), and 78% of patients (n = 29) were men in NOAF positive group. Median age of the NOAF group was 79.0 (interquartile range, 71.5-84.0). Hospital mortality was higher in the NOAF group (87% vs 67%, respectively, P = .019). However, in multivariate analysis, NOAF was not an independent risk factor for hospital mortality (OR 1.42, 95% CI 0.40-5.09, P = .582). Conclusions: The incidence of NOAF was 14.9% in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Hospital mortality was higher in the NOAF group. However, NOAF was not an independent risk factor for hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19.